资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
【在这片辽阔的土地上㉘】苏州:工业大市劲唱“强粮歌”******
【在这片辽阔的土地上㉘】
光明日报记者 苏雁
都知道苏州是工业强市,可说起粮食生产,苏州市农业农村局局长宁春生一脸自豪:“这些年,苏州粮食生产一点也不含糊,产量一直稳步增长。今年全市水稻总产量预计13.9亿斤,创7年来新高!”
改革开放以来,苏州工业发展一直走在江苏甚至全国前列。成为工业强市后,一个问题摆在苏州人面前:还要不要发展农业,尤其是水稻种植这样的“纯农业”?
苏州的回答斩钉截铁:不但“要”,而且是高质量的“要”。
苏州有1600多万人口,维持城市安全有序运转,离不开农产品的有效供给。要端稳粮食饭碗,就须臾不能放松粮食生产。
苏州寸土寸金。而粮食生产,离不开耕地。如何守住耕地红线?
11月初,在“草皮之乡”苏州常熟辛庄镇平墅村,记者看到,2600亩水稻迎来丰收。2019年起,常熟决定全面推进退草还田,平墅村成为第一个试点。“每收一茬草皮,都会带走一层土,退草还田,就是为了确保耕地安全!”辛庄镇副镇长陈伟忠说。
近几年,苏州通过退草还田、退渔还田、“三优三保”等行动,新增加10万亩水稻田。
农业是弱质产业。论单位面积收益,种粮食肯定不如建工厂。那么,如何调动种粮积极性?
苏州的做法之一是工业反哺农业。2010年以来,苏州在全市范围建立了生态补偿机制,在全国率先出台《生态补偿条例》。苏州将水稻视为人工湿地的一种,进行生态补偿。每亩补偿420元,使得种粮的比较效益大大增加,稳住了农业基本盘。
地处苏州昆山锦溪镇最北面的长云村,2012年前以水产养殖为主业。根据《生态补偿条例》,昆山市级财政给予每亩水稻田800元补贴。受此激励,2012年以来,长云村退塘还田,建成高标准农田2000多亩。
宁春生介绍,苏州计划用3年时间,按每亩最高1万元的标准,持续对农田进行改造,将苏州的农田都建成为旱涝保收、稳产高产的“吨粮田”。
要实现粮食生产可持续发展,仅靠补贴还不够,必须催发内生动力。发展高产高效优质农业,提高单位面积的产出效益,是增强种粮积极性的关键。而要保证粮食生产“两高一优”,离不开科技支撑。
水稻已经收割,但太仓市城厢镇东林村的田野上依然机声隆隆,多功能旋耕机驶过后的田野松软、平整。“做强农业产业,长远来看,还得靠技术和现代化设备。”太仓市城厢镇东林村党委书记苏齐芳坦言。
依托村里每年1000多万元厂房和门面房租金收益,东林村购买了20多台套先进农机设备,村里的粮食生产全程机械化,2200亩水稻只需要9个农民打理。
在东林村刚收割完的稻田里,记者看到,已经开始用农业机械播种小麦。“2013年起,高标准农田改造好以后,大马力拖拉机引进,农具朝着复式化操作方向发展。小麦播种机上加装了卫星导航的辅助驾驶系统,直行时机械手不需要扶着方向盘,它还能一次性完成土地翻耕、播种、秸秆换田、施肥、开沟、压实种子这六样工作。”在田边,苏齐芳一边比画,一边向记者解释。
现代化的农业生产,更离不开“新农人”。
这些年,苏州在培养新型职业农民方面下足了功夫。苏州在全国率先启动“农业农村专业人才定向委培工程”,分层次、分专业招录1564名定向委培生。通过7家农民教育培训中心和31家实训基地,每年培训高素质农民1万人次以上……
有了“新农人”的加持,田地里有了一番新景象。“志浩,趁天晴,咱们赶快把秸秆打包好!”说话间,东林村职业农民高健和同事王志浩驾驶的搂草机和包膜机开进了农田。只见搂草机把散落在田里的稻草搂成一拢,打捆机迅速把一拢一拢稻草秸秆压缩成圆捆。包膜机紧随其后“上场”,不到一分钟,就把一捆捆重达上千斤的秸秆用白色薄膜缠绕成一个个“啤酒桶”,轻轻放在田埂上。
为啥要给秸秆包薄膜?高健告诉记者:“包裹得严严实实的稻草秸秆,在厌氧环境里发酵,一个月后装到秸秆饲料厂,根据配比加入豆粕、玉米,加工成富含淀粉和蛋白质的饲料,这是牛羊喜爱的美味食物。”
2016年,东林村和江苏省农科院合作,投资建设秸秆饲料厂,年加工能力6万吨,目前年产粗饲料2.5万吨。由此,东林村自身形成了“种植—秸秆饲料—养殖—有机肥料—种植”的生态循环模式。合作农场化肥用量比传统减少约60%,土壤有机质含量从1.9%提高到4%,江南的土地也具备了“黑土地”的肥力。“我们提高‘一粒米’的附加值,开发的富硒大米,口感好,销量不愁。”高健说。
持续提升种粮的边际效益,也是苏州近些年来努力的方向。具体做法是,着力推动农文旅深度融合。
漫步东林村,田埂上的松果菊开得正艳,稻田咖啡馆飘出了咖啡的浓香,田园新干线的小火车擦拭一新,观光农业引来游人无数。“光今年十一假期,村里的旅游收入就有近百万元。”苏齐芳告诉记者。
一系列助农举措,不仅稳定了工业大市苏州的粮食生产面积和产量,也大大提升了农民的收入。据统计,近3年来,苏州全市粮食种植面积年均提升2%以上,农民人均可支配收入年均增长8.6%,达41487元,城乡居民收入比逐年下降,现在已缩小到1.85:1。
东林村农民张耀忠祖孙三代种粮,他亲历了东林村的变化,也尝到了发展现代农业的甜头。“我的父辈就是面朝黄土背朝天种地,我那一代开始了农业机械化,我儿子这一代则用上了智能农业系统。现在,喷农药有无人机,开拖拉机、插秧机、联合收割机,人都不用下地,站田埂上遥控就行了。”张耀忠感慨万分:“现在种地,舒服得嘞!”
《光明日报》( 2022年12月21日 01版)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)